After the fervor of the Great Awakening, religion seemed to take a back seat. Religion was becoming less and less of an important aspect in an ever changing society. Aside from that fact, there were many congregations that looked forward to another revival similar to the magnitude previously experienced. They prayed, hoped, and looked forward to this time.
This new period of revival resulted in some very interesting new religious denominations.
The Oneida Community in New York had fairly open sexual practices; however they limited who could have children together. Children were raised communally and property was shared.
The Shakers were strictly celibate and believed that Ann Lee was the Christ at his second coming. They tried to preserve their community through adopting orphans.
These two examples alone show how many different directions the religions of the United States went in. Most of these new factions were tolerated, if not accepted. (As a Latter-day Saint, I primarily recognize the LDS pioneers as a great example of those who were not accepted. I have not personally learned about any new religions that were rejected and forced to migrate the ways the pioneers were, but I would not be surprised if there were others.)
Kentucky was an area of much revivalism. Largely starting when the McGee brothers visited the McGready churches in 1800, the fervor in this area involved many camps. As the revivalist atmosphere built, common aspects of participating in weekends in sermons included frequent outbursts from congregation members feeling the Spirit. Exercises were a recognizable aspect of Kentucky revivals. These included jerks, dancing, and barking.
Restorationism was a product of the Second Great Awakening. Followers of this belief wished to return to the organization of the church from New Testament times. They preferred to be known only as Christians, rather than selecting a denominational name. They followed a very practical approach to the Bible. It was even called legalistic.
Essentially, the Second Great Awakening seemingly resulted in more religious variation than before, with wide acceptance of many religious groups. It differed from the first Great Awakening because of the magnitude in Kentucky as well as in the Northern states. It also was started in the United States, rather than largely being influenced by England.
The Second Great Awakening came at a time when religion was disappearing from the forefront of society in the United States, the revival and evangelical practices of these religions lead to a new interest in religion. The ability of the common man to participate in religion, as had been noticed in the First Great Awakening allowed for wide variation in the beliefs of the new Christian denominations. Few actual denominations have been preserved on the scale that the Latter-day Saints have, however their influences can be seen throughout evangelical Christendom.
If I ever feel like I need a quiet, contemplative moment I now know the place to go. Just a two minute walk from my apartment, The BYU Museum of Art has a great exhibit right now called Types & Shadows: Intimations of Divinity. Check out the website here. Essentially, the exhibit is about metaphors of Christ and how we react to Him. The best part about this exhibit is that I've been three times and attended a lecture on it and each time I learn something new. Dr. H gave a lecture on the exhibit pretty close to it's opening, however his lecture was less on the pieces in the exhibit themselves and more about how everything is a type or shadow of Christ. He gave really great Biblical references to this. Then he reminded us not to "look beyond the mark." While there are types and shadows in all things, not every connection is going to be the best or truest connection. I only remember two references to specific pieces during the lecture. The first was him briefly mentioning a cat. (I think the piece was called Cat Gift.) And the second was his reference to a painting called Man of Sorrows. You could tell that this piece and the wooden bench facing it had an impact on Dr. H. When we were able to go through the exhibit I made sure to see this piece. (If you ever have the chance, I highly recommend you see this piece in person.) Enough about the lecture night though. The next time I went to see the exhibit was in preparation for a Great Works Response paper for my writing class. This time I spent a lot more time walking through the exhibit. I was able to stop in front of more pieces. Admittedly, there were a few pieces I did not understand, or particularly try to understand. I was looking for THE ONE. The one I loved and would right my paper on. Well, I didn't find a new THE ONE, so I went back to Man of Sorrows. There is so much to that simple painting, I could write another entire blog about it. Some day I might. Anyway, last week we got to go to the Types and Shadows exhibit as an American Heritage class. The best part about this visit was that someone who knew what they were talking about took us through the museum. We only managed to look at six or so different painting and pieces, but we were able to analyze them in so much depth. The great part was I got to see things differently. There is one painting of a scripture story that I've seen all my life, but we were able to analyze how it was a reflection of Christ. Or some of the painting I had looked at before and ignored because I didn't understand them I was now better able to understand. And now I know how to go about analyzing these paintings. I'm looking forward to the next time I go to the Museum of Art.
From the 1500s to the 1800s Mercantilism was the only economic philosophy in the major European countries. This ideology says that wealth is defined by what a nation has, or really what the king has dominion over. As such, colonies were an important way to gain wealth and heavily regulating trade was a good way to prevent other nations from gaining wealth. Adam Smith was among the first to question mercantilism. His inquiry into the form of wealth came as quite a shock. He asserted that wealth did not come from possessions of a nation, but instead from the living standard of the people. (Dr. H said that today this idea would be called the “per capita income.”) Along with Smith’s philosophy on wealth was he introduced some radical ideas to gain wealth. He argued that because mercantilism depended on “ins” with government officials, it was not the best way to go. Instead, Smith believed the government should encourage production and consumption by whoever wanted to produce and consume. Instead of government regulation Smith called for a market economy in which the demands of the market determine what should be produced. The market players who produce better quality products will be able to continue producing while those who produce poor quality products or products with little demand will loose out and be unable to continue producing. This is where the invisible hand comes in. It should replace government regulation because the market should be able to operate essentially by itself. Because people would be acting in their own self interest consumable goods would continue to be produced. The invisible hand means that a player in the market will “promote an end which was no part of his intention. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than…” Over all, the invisible hand results in a win-win situation. The players in the market win by acting in their own self interest and the marked over all wins because the most useful goods will be produced. It is interesting to notice that Adam Smith’s Market System/ Invisible Hand philosophy came into play as the United States was being creative. While the founding fathers were working to expand political freedom and prosperity, Smith’s philosophy was developing to expand economic freedom and prosperity.
As a class we had the opportunity to go to the CrandallPrintingMuseum, which is a few blocks south of BYU campus. I had not heard of the museum until we were given the assignment to go there, and I didn’t know what to expect. All I could picture was sterile rooms with windows looking on replicas of important printing inventions. I can not be happier to have been so wrong.
The museum is set up in what looks like it used to be a home. You enter in a side door and immediately you’re confronted with so many things to read, touch, and see in general. After signing the guest book we went to the first room. This room has a replica of the Gutenberg machine. This machine made the printing of the Bible possible. Previously monks had to hand write every copy of the Bible. Along with their elaborate decorations, copying the words from the Bible took a long time and a lot of effort. As a result there were not very many copies of the Bible, which meant that normal people did not have access to the Biblical records in everyday life. Their only way of learning the teachings of ancient prophets was by listening to sermons given by priests. The creation of the Gutenberg printing press was able to change this. Now that the Bible could be printed more quickly than it was written, more copies were made leading to an increase in access to the Bible, which would affect generations to come especially with regards to religious tension and shifts.
Another area of the museum focuses on the Revolutionary era. The press, another replica of those that would have been used in the era, was very similar to the Gutenberg press. It was interesting to see how over the centuries very little had changed with regard to printing technology. In this section of the museum we mostly focused on Benjamin Franklin. We learned how he came to be a printer. We learned about his Poor Richard’s Almanac. We also learned a little bit about his personal life. He was the youngest son of a youngest son, and pretty much his father’s favorite. Beyond Benjamin Franklin we got to see how the Declaration of Independence would have been printed. The CrandallMuseum is the only museum where you can get copies of the Declaration of Independence printed by a historically accurate printing press.
The last area we spent some time in focused on the printing of the Book of Mormon. It is so interesting (and sustaining) to me to note all of the ways the pieces just fell into place for the printing of the Book of Mormon. The most notable, in my opinion is that the Erie Canal opened just in time for the heavy printing press to be transported from New York City to Palmyra. There were very few of these presses around and one just happened to arrive in Palmyra exactly when Joseph Smith was told to print the Book of Mormon. In this section of the museum I also learned that the assignment was to print 5000 copies of the Book of Mormon. Another interesting fact is that a few were finished just days before the organization of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. There were just enough copies then for the few people present at the organization.
This museum is great. I would really recommend that anyone go, no matter what their interest. Also, they are trying to expand the museum, which is going to take a lot of funds. If you know of any business that could help them out please encourage it!
Please write 500-600 words on the Book of Mormon description of the founding of America.
I guess this response is supposed to focus on a piece we read for class, though I can’t remember much of that piece now, or what we said in class about it. [Sorry about that part. I’m usually much better at this kind of thing, but I won’t go into my excuses for not being better this time.] If I do remember one thing though, it is that the Book of Mormon constantly says that this land will be a choice land. It is the promised land, the land of the New Jerusalem. God will not allow an unrighteous people to inhabit and rule over it because that would prevent his work from going forward. There is evidence of this in the Nephites being wiped out because of their iniquitous behavior only a few generations after Christ’s coming to the Americas About the founding of this new nation, let’s start with the beginning. The Book of Mormon has reference to the discovery of the New Land or the Americas. In 1 Nephi 13: 10 Nephi describes how there are no Gentiles on the land inhabited by his people yet because they are separated by “many waters,” which is presumably the Atlantic Ocean. A few verses on Nephi says, “And I looked and beheld a man among the Gentiles, who was separated from the seed of my brethren by the many waters; and I beheld the Spirit of God that is came down and wrought upon the man; and he went forth upon the many waters, even unto the seed of my brethren, who were in the promised land” (1 Nephi 13: 12). This verse is widely accepted as describing Christopher Columbus’s journey across the Atlantic Ocean. [What a coincidence. October 12, this past Monday was Columbus Day.] I find it really interesting that Nephi says the Spirit wrought upon him. This implies not only that discovering America was inspired of God, but also that God had a time frame for doing do. He did not inspire men to journey in this direction before. [All right, so we all know that the Vikings did in fact find America long before Columbus did, but they were unable to establish a settlement like the ones that came as a result of Columbus’s excursion.] In verse 13 Nephi talks about the establishment of colonies by those who sought to escape from captivity. Much of this is actually probably a religious captivity. With the different Protestant groups forming after the creation of the Church of England there was definitely some clashing. Many religious groups [including the Pilgrims] left England with hopes to establish “a city on a hill” as an example to the world. Once again Nephi notes that God inspired these people to come to the America’s. Nephi sees God’s hand in all of this, which is something that is become highly devalued today. Nephi even got to see the Revolutionary War, of which he said, “And I beheld their mother Gentiles were gathered together upon the waters, and upon the land also, to battle against them. And I beheld that the power of God was with them” (1 Nephi 13:17-18). The thing that I believe is most important in all of this is the fact that, not only was God involved every step of the way, but that he had this planned from the beginning. It was planned so well with so much detail that he was able to show Nephi the process millennia before it happened. God made America and may he continue to bless it.
A friend of mine posted this link to her facebook and it reminded me of a story Dr. H told us. I can't exactly remember the situation, but I think it involved Dr. H's child and the grandfather. The grandfather would offer the kid one dollar. "But," he would say, "I'll be back Friday and you can have five dollars then." So the choice was up to the child. Did he want one dollar now or five dollars later. The child would always chose the one dollar right away.
I guess both of these examples just show how our society has lost track of time. We are so used to "instant get-ification" that we don't think about how our choice now will affect the future.
In 500 words or less, describe what you think Martin Diamond meant by his title, 'Revolution of Sober Expectations?'
I laugh at myself because whenever I think about the word 'sober' I think 'not being drunk.' I guess it’s just a testament to the society and culture I'm surrounded by. Naturally, I don't think Martin Diamond was referring to the ability of our founding fathers to hold their alcohol, but I do believe there is something to be said about not being drunk.
With all the excitement, words, and ideas hovering in the political atmosphere of the era leading up to the Revolutionary War, I imagine it would have been hard not to become drunken with the idea that once independence was declared all would be well.
Here’s where the ‘sober expectations’ come in. The founding fathers knew that much would be unwell once the colonies declared independence. These men knew we didn’t have the military training, the goods, or the resources for a war that would be fought on our own soil, destroying farms, homes and cities.
They also knew that by signing that document they were not only risking their own honor, but also their family’s honor and ability to survive. Supposing the men who signed the Declaration of Independence had been captured, they would have been charged with treason and executed. This would have left their families with no support and no way to gain support because of the reputation that would be associated with them in this honor-shame society.
These men had no way of knowing we would win the Revolutionary War, but they believed so strongly in the principals of consent of the governed and that their liberty was being impeded on that they decided to take that risk. These men stood up for what they believed in through the hardest, most threatening of circumstances despite the likelihood of failure that they all recognized. They also recognized the problems that would lie ahead if they did succeed. How do you establish a viable nation? The war was not really won until we had a successful union of states.
These men did not allow themselves to become drunk with the idea that independence was the end. They knew it was a mean to an end, but also that their end goal was likely not to be achieved. Our level-headed founding fathers remained sober.
Please write 500 words on John Adams by using your out of text readings, text-book and the movie shown in class.
I am frequently amazed by the things no one thought to teach me earlier in life. All through elementary school I thought I was learning the central important information that other ideas were built on. While this is true, I still wish I had been taught some of the extra stuff earlier. John Adams is someone I only ever heard of in passing until about two years ago. Sure I knew that he was a president and that his son John Quincy later became president too, but beyond that I had no clue who he was or even that he was involved at all in our separation from England at all. As much as I admire and look up to General Washington and Thomas Jefferson, I feel like some of the time spent studying them (every year, the same stuff) could have been set aside for learning about John Adams, who was a great leader then and is a great role model now. John Adams was among the earliest to recognize that we needed to separate from England. He was very passionate for that cause. I think he was passionate about everything he did. He ran his farm in Boston with the same care he used when writing letters to his wife, Abigail. Beside his dedication to everything he did, John Adams is a good role model in his Christianity. He admitted God’s hand in the creation of this new nation. He recognized the risk in separation from England, but he said he would go forward with it, depending on God despite how “unfashionable” Christianity was at the time. John Adams also recognized the need for certain circumstances under which the separation had to take place. He made the right connections, singling out Benjamin Franklin, General George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson as those of a like mind. Together with these individuals and his fellow delegates from Boston he slowly persuaded many of the other members of the Continental Congress of that reconciliation with England was unlikely and the time for separation was growing close. He likely recognized this earlier than most because of British troops in Boston and British ships in Boston Harbor. That was his home. Boys and men he knew were fighting and dying. He cared so much about his home. He also recognized that this was one sign that the British were not looking for reconciliation. The colonists, in there mind, were no longer British citizens, but foreign subjects to be ruled over. When there “Olive Branch Petition” was rejected by King George III of England, who saw the colonists as being in open rebellion, many of the other colony’s representatives finally saw that reconciliation was not a likely course. However, John Adams and others in support of severing ties with England still had to practice their methods of protracted political debates. Each had to have recognized when the best time to call for a declaration of independence. When the time for drafting the Declaration of Independence arrived, John Adams recognized that Thomas Jefferson was the man for the job. He felt like more people would agree with what Jefferson said and how he said it. Adams recognized that he was not a well liked man because of what he stood for and how vocally he stood for it and he did not concern himself with pleasing others. John Adams was an admirable man. He dedicated his life to the things he cared most for. He had a strong zeal for this new nation and a passion for protecting the people in it. He acknowledged God’s hand in all these things, despite the social climate of the era. He stood up for what he believed in and sat down for nothing. I am glad to know more about him.
Imagine that you live in Africa and have been captured by a slave trader and are being shipped across the Atlantic. Write a 500 to 750 word personal narrative on recording what your thoughts and experiences might be along your journey.
They came to our village. I don’t know what to call them. They are not men though. Even rival tribes are not this cruel. Many suspect they are demons sent to punish us. Have we not been punished enough by the scarcity of food and the wars with our neighbors?
They ransacked our home and the homes of everyone in our village. Some of the men tried to fight back, but these demons had tools. They were weapons like none we could make. There was no choice for us but to be bound up and lead away from our family, friends, tribe, and homeland.
Before long they added members of other tribes. Even our rival tribes. We were forced to stand next to each other, walk together, eat what little food we received together. As strongly as we were separated by wars before, we were bound by our hatred for these pale demons now.
We walked, trudging onward for many days. I could understand very little of the other tribes’ languages, much less the curious utterings of those monsters. I had no idea where they were taking us. The one thing I did know was that I would not be happy again.
When we could finally see the waters they brought us into a structure. The days I spent there were the first days I had not spent walking like some animal tied on a rope all day in many weeks. I heard them laughing often. It echoed through the huge structure and made it even to the remotest places. Only a demon could laugh while we starved, while we were pushed around like a lion rounds up its prey, while we suffered in this way.
Many of the women were taken advantage of while we were kept by the sea. I was one of the fortunate ones, who escaped that pain, but I witnessed it many times. From those women they took everything away. Their homes were gone. They had no family. They even no longer had a name. But most of all, their sanctity was taken. That is the one thing that caused many to lose their will to survive.
Now we are here on this boat. Shoulder to shoulder. They loaded us like fruits to be traded. With all the flies buzzing around in here, you would think we were quite rotten fruits. I don’t know how long I have been lying like this, but it feels like I have been here for years. I tried to roll on my side early on, but it is impossible. The ceilings are far too low and we are far too close to each other. No doubt they did that intentionally to keep us under control, even though many have lost the desire to fight. Those who wished to escape jumped off the boat as we were coming on. I am sure of their fate, but prefer not to think about it as my brother was one of those brave enough to dive into the waters.
There is the smell of dead flesh not far away. I have tried to hold my breath and ignore the overwhelming perfume of death, but it is no use. Being stuck here has given me much time to think. Often I have thought that the man who dies may be a lucky soul indeed. I have thought many times about how sweet death would taste. For now I can only continue lying here and hoping for the better.
